Federal Minimum Wage

Raise the federal wage floor from 7.25 to 17 dollars an hour in steps to 2030, index it to the median wage, and end the separate lower floors for tipped, young and disabled workers.

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This evaluation was produced and sourced by an AI model; a human review is still pending. Figures and conclusions may still change. The review log is at the foot of the page.How review works →

The federal minimum wage has been 7.25 dollars an hour since July 2009 and applies in full only where a state has set nothing higher, which is the case in twenty states. The bill before Congress raises it in annual steps to 17 dollars in 2030 and then ties it to the median hourly wage, so that it moves without a further vote. It also phases out the three separate lower floors — 2.13 dollars for tipped workers, and the certificates that allow subminimum pay for young workers and workers with disabilities. Nothing in it changes who counts as an employee or which hours are paid. This evaluation looks five years ahead, at the years once the floor is fully in place.

Balance

Better for the future · 0.60 previous scale

Balance on the previous scale. The Bilanz 2.0 simulation is not yet available for this evaluation. The category comes from the share of the debate on the pro side (r).

For 31 · 60 % Against 21 · 40 %

Size class: large Scale of this evaluation: Normalised Impact — unitless, calibrated to this topic. For comparison: one point here is worth roughly 10 billion euro per year. This ledger turns on one judgement: that a dollar means more to a household near the bottom of the income distribution than to the customers and owners who hand it over. Treat the two sides as equal and the measure comes out slightly negative; at the difference used here it comes out slightly ahead, and the two sides stay close enough that the result should be read as a balance rather than a verdict. The second number that moves it is how many jobs disappear — the budget office's average estimate for a 17-dollar floor is 700,000, its median 500,000, and its range reaches 1.4 million. How we score →

Arguments for

Arguments against

11 arguments evaluated · Scoring v1.3 Δ absolute +10

Arguments — For

6 arguments · top 3 shown

Pay that reaches the household

23of 100

About 22.2 million workers, one in seven of everyone earning a wage, would be paid more, on average about 3,200 dollars a year each. Most of them are in the bottom two fifths of the income distribution, where the same dollar buys necessities rather than savings.

Value 5 · Household budgetsImpact 6.5Plausibility 7

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The stream is money moving from employers to the workers they employ, and money is priced at the middle of the scale wherever it appears. What makes this argument worth more than the one that pays for it is not the value class but where the money lands: a wage rise concentrated on households in the bottom two fifths does more than the same sum spread across customers and owners. That difference is carried in the Impact, not here, which is why the wage bill appears twice in this evaluation — once on this side at the recipients' weight and once against it at the payers'. Nothing is counted here for dignity, standing or the feeling of being paid properly, which are real and are not a separate good that can be added without counting the money twice. The part of the wage rise that public budgets claw back through lower benefit payments is taken out below and appears as its own argument. The value is the middle of the scale, and the whole weight of this argument sits in where the money lands rather than in what kind of good it is.

The Economic Policy Institute puts the wage bill at 70 billion dollars a year once the floor reaches 17 dollars, spread across 22.2 million workers, an average of about 3,200 dollars a year for those working year-round ^[1]. Two corrections come off that. Some of it is never paid, because minimum wage law is imperfectly enforced and violations concentrate in exactly the industries this reaches; 12 percent is taken off, in a range from 5 to 20 percent. Some of it is taken back in hours, since employers facing a higher hourly cost schedule fewer hours for the same work; 10 percent is taken off, in a range from nothing to 25 percent, which is where the disagreement between the American studies sits. That leaves 55.4 billion dollars, or 47.8 billion euro at 1.16 dollars to the euro. A quarter of it does not stay with the household, because higher earnings withdraw nutrition assistance, housing subsidy and health coverage as they rise; that quarter is booked separately as a gain to public budgets. The remaining 35.8 billion euro reaches households whose place in the income distribution gives a euro a weight of 1.8, in a range from 1.4 to 2.3. The Impact is the largest in this debate, and it is large because 22.2 million people is a seventh of everyone who earns a wage.

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	Additional wages once the floor reaches 17 dollars [1]	22.2 million workers, about 3,200 dollars a year each	70 billion dollars a year
×	Never paid, because the floor is imperfectly enforced Setting, range 5 to 20 percent: wage violations concentrate in the industries this reaches	− 12 %	61.6 billion dollars a year
×	Taken back in hours by employers Setting, range 0 to 25 percent: this is where the American studies disagree with one another [4]	− 10 %	55.4 billion dollars a year
÷	In euro exchange rate used throughout this evaluation	1.16 dollars to the euro	47.8 billion euro a year
×	Share that stays with the household the remaining quarter is withdrawn as benefits and is booked as its own argument, so that it is not counted twice	75 %	35.84 billion euro a year
×	Weight of a euro at these incomes Setting, range 1.4 to 2.3: most affected workers are in the bottom two fifths, some in the middle fifth	1.8	64.52 billion euro a year
÷	Normalised Impact scale of this evaluation	10 billion euro a point	6.45

Score 6.45 Impact × 5 Value × 7 Plausibility ÷ 10 = 23 of 100

The size of the wage bill is among the better-identified quantities in labour economics, and the disagreement is about employment rather than about the raises themselves. The counterfactual is the wage structure as it would stand with only state floors, which is what the bunching estimator of Cengiz, Dube, Lindner and Zipperer constructs from 138 state minimum wage increases: it counts the jobs that disappear from below the new floor and the jobs that appear just above it, and finds the two almost exactly offset ^[4]. That design is quasi-experimental and it is the one that carries this number. The confounder that matters is that states raise their minimum wages when their labour markets are already strong, which would make any raise look cheaper than it is; the estimator handles it by comparing the change in jobs in each wage bin of a raising state with the same bins in states that did not raise their floor in the same years, in an event study that shows no movement before the increase. Reverse causation runs the same way and is answered by the same comparison. What remains uncertain is the extrapolation: 17 dollars would be a higher bite relative to the median wage in Mississippi or Alabama than anything in the American record, so the compliance and hours corrections above are wider than the study's own error bars. It is held level with the two arguments that book the same sum on the other side of the ledger, because a wage bill that moves for the people who receive it moves for the people who pay it, and it cannot be more certain in one direction than in the other. Read back: in about seven of ten comparable cases a raise of roughly this size arrives. The Plausibility is high but not at the ceiling: the mechanism is measured, and the size of the step beyond the measured range is not.

evidence basis: Converging studies · P ceiling 8 identification: Quasi-experimental · rung ceiling 8

Counterfactual: the wage distribution of a raising state as it would have evolved, taken from the same wage bins in states without an increase in the same years. Design: quasi-experimental — bunching estimator over 138 state minimum wage increases, counting missing jobs below the new floor against excess jobs just above it [4]. Confounder: states legislate raises when their labour markets are strong, which would understate the cost; handled by the comparison with states that did not raise their floor, with flat pre-trends in the event study. Direction: reverse causation runs through the same channel and is answered by the same construction. Ceiling: quasi-experimental 8.0 binds below the converging-studies ceiling of 9.0. The step beyond the measured range is carried in the compliance and hours bands, not in P. Held at 7.0 to match con-1 and con-2, which book the same sum on the paying side.

Public budgets pay out less

4.2of 100

Nutrition assistance, housing subsidy and health coverage all withdraw as earnings rise. About a quarter of the wage increase therefore never reaches the household at all — it stays in federal and state budgets instead.

Value 5 · Public financesImpact 1.2Plausibility 7

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The stream is public money that does not have to be paid out, priced at the middle of the scale like any other money. It is the mirror image of the deduction made in the argument above: the same quarter of the wage rise, seen from the budget that no longer transfers it. Booking it here rather than leaving it inside the wage argument is what keeps the two ends of a transfer from being counted at the same weight, because a euro in a public budget counts once and a euro in a low-income household counts more. Nothing is counted for the administrative saving of processing fewer claims, which is small beside the transfers themselves. Whether the saving is spent, returned in tax or used to reduce borrowing makes no difference to the weight. The value is the middle of the scale, the level this site uses for public money whatever it is later spent on.

The wage increase reaching workers is 47.8 billion euro a year before the benefit system responds. Nutrition assistance withdraws at 30 cents on the dollar, the earned income credit phases out at 16 to 21 cents over its phase-out range, housing assistance takes 30 cents of additional income in rent, and health coverage subsidies taper with income as well. Not all of these apply to any one household and many affected workers claim none of them, so the combined effective withdrawal used here is 25 percent, in a range from 15 to 35 percent. That is 11.95 billion euro a year staying in federal and state budgets. Public money carries the standard weight of 1.0, which is what makes this argument smaller than the household argument built on the same sum. The figure is not a forecast of the budget effect of the bill as a whole, which would also have to count payroll and income tax on the higher wages and the loss of tax on the profits that fall. The Impact is a quarter of the wage bill, and it is the reason the household argument above is smaller than the headline figure.

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	Wage increase reaching workers before benefits respond [1]	from the argument above	47.8 billion euro a year
×	Withdrawn as benefits taper with earnings Setting, range 15 to 35 percent: statutory taper rates of nutrition, housing, credit and coverage programmes, weighted by how many affected workers stand inside a phase-out range	25 %	11.95 billion euro a year
×	Weight of a euro in a public budget the standard weight this site uses for public money	1.0	11.95 billion euro a year
÷	Normalised Impact scale of this evaluation	10 billion euro a point	1.2

Score 1.2 Impact × 5 Value × 7 Plausibility ÷ 10 = 4.2 of 100

The withdrawal rates are written into the statutes and the schedules, so once the wage rise arrives the direction is not in doubt. The counterfactual is the same benefit schedules with wages as they would otherwise be. Whether the money moves at all is the same question as whether the wage bill arrives, which rests on the bunching estimator of Cengiz, Dube, Lindner and Zipperer across 138 state increases ^[4]; this argument is the other end of that same sum and is held at the same plausibility, because a quarter of a wage bill cannot be less certain to leave the benefit system than the wage bill is to reach the household. What is estimated here is the share: how many affected workers are actually inside a phase-out range, given that take-up of nutrition assistance runs around 80 percent and housing programmes are rationed rather than entitlements. The confounder that would lower the figure is exactly that rationing, since a household on a housing waiting list loses nothing when its wage rises; it is named and carried in the band from 15 to 35 percent rather than in the plausibility. Reverse causation does not arise. Read back: in about seven of ten comparable cases the benefit system takes back a share of this order once the raise arrives. The Plausibility is well above the middle: the schedules are law and the wage bill is measured, and the share of workers inside the schedules sits in the band.

evidence basis: Converging studies · P ceiling 8 identification: Quasi-experimental · rung ceiling 8

Counterfactual: the same benefit schedules with wages as they would otherwise be. Design: quasi-experimental for the shared quantity — the wage bill that triggers the taper rests on the bunching estimator over 138 state increases [4]; the withdrawal rates themselves are statutory. Confounder: rationed programmes such as housing assistance, where a household not receiving the benefit loses nothing as its wage rises; carried in the 15 to 35 percent band. Direction: no reverse causation. Held at 7.0, level with pro-1, con-1 and con-2, which book the same wage bill.

Fewer suicides

1.9of 100

Suicide among American adults without a college education moves with the minimum wage. The measured effect is a 3.4 to 5.9 percent fall in the rate for each additional dollar, and the step proposed here is far larger than a dollar.

Value 9.5 · LifeImpact 0.3Plausibility 6.5

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The stream is people who are alive at the end of the period who would not otherwise have been, which is the good this site prices highest. It is placed half a step below the top because what the studies measure is a suicide rate in a population under financial pressure, and part of what moves that rate is distress rather than death alone. The money that relieves the pressure is counted in the first argument and is not counted again here; what is counted is a different consequence of the same payment, in the way that fewer road deaths and lower fuel bills are two separate consequences of one speed limit. The families left behind are added at the rate this site uses everywhere, a tenth of the value of the life, because a death falls on the people around it as well. The number of people involved is small beside the number who get a raise, which is why this argument is a twentieth the size of the first. The value sits just below the maximum: the stream is life, reached through relief of financial pressure rather than through medicine.

Kaufman and colleagues estimate that a one-dollar increase in the minimum wage is followed by a 3.4 to 5.9 percent fall in the suicide rate among adults aged 18 to 64 with a high school education or less, and that the effect is larger when unemployment is high ^[6]. About 49,300 Americans died by suicide in 2023, of whom roughly 20,900 were working-age adults in that education group ^[10]. Not all of them live where a federal floor would bind: about 45 percent do, in a range from 30 to 60 percent, since thirty states already set higher floors. The step from 7.25 to 17 dollars is far outside the range the studies cover, so the low end of the elasticity is applied at full strength only to the first three dollars and at half strength to the remaining 6.75: 3 × 3.4 plus 6.75 × 1.7, a reduction of about 21.7 percent, in a range from 10 percent (the first three dollars alone) to 30 percent (half the upper estimate beyond them). Because the study measures the rate across a state's whole low-education population against the level of the state floor, it is applied to the step in the floor, not to the raise of an individual worker. That is about 2,040 deaths a year, valued at 1.4 million euro each plus a tenth for the family: 3.1 billion euro. The figure is deliberately built on the low end of the published effect and it still comes out larger than most single road-safety measures. The Impact is small beside the money in this debate and it is the argument with the highest value per unit, which is why it survives at a twentieth of the size.

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	Working-age adults with at most a high school education among American suicides [10]	about 49,300 deaths a year, roughly 42 percent in this group	20,900 deaths a year
×	Share living where a federal floor of 17 dollars would bind Setting, range 30 to 60 percent: thirty states already set a higher floor, and the group is concentrated in the states that do not [9]	45 %	9,405 deaths a year
×	Reduction in the rate Setting, range 10 to 30 percent: 3.4 percent per dollar at full strength for the first three dollars and at half strength for the remaining 6.75 dollars, because the step is far outside the range studied [6]	21.7 %	2,040 deaths a year
×	Value of a life the value of a statistical life used across this site, 35 life years at 40,000 euro, and the site-wide addition for the family left behind	1.4 million euro each, plus 10 percent for the family	3.14 billion euro a year
÷	Normalised Impact scale of this evaluation	10 billion euro a point	0.31

Score 0.31 Impact × 9.5 Value × 6.5 Plausibility ÷ 10 = 1.9 of 100

The counterfactual is the same states in the same years without the minimum wage increase, which is what the study's difference-in-differences design over state-by-year variation constructs. The design is quasi-experimental, with pre-trends reported and an interaction with the state unemployment rate that behaves as the mechanism predicts — the effect is larger where the labour market is weak — which is the kind of internal check that makes a spurious result harder to sustain. The confounder that matters is that states raising minimum wages also expand health coverage, nutrition assistance and behavioural health funding in the same legislative sessions, and the paper controls for state and year but cannot separate a simultaneous package; that is unresolved and is the main reason for the discount. Reverse causation is implausible in this direction: suicide rates do not drive minimum wage legislation on the relevant timescale. The larger weakness is not identification but extrapolation, and that is carried in the halved elasticity above rather than here. The Plausibility is above the middle: one well-designed body of work supports the direction and size, and a simultaneous policy package cannot be ruled out. Read back: in about six or seven of ten comparable cases a fall in suicides of this order follows.

evidence basis: Study · P ceiling 7 identification: Quasi-experimental · rung ceiling 8

Counterfactual: the same states in the same years without the increase. Design: quasi-experimental — difference-in-differences on state-by-year minimum wage variation with reported pre-trends, plus an interaction with the state unemployment rate (Kaufman and colleagues, 2020) [6]. Confounder: states raising minimum wages also expand coverage and behavioural health funding in the same sessions; named, controlled only through state and year fixed effects, unresolved. Direction: reverse causation implausible — suicide rates do not drive wage legislation. Ceiling: set at 7.0, below the single-study ceiling, for the simultaneous-package concern; the extrapolation beyond the measured range is carried in the halved elasticity, not in P.

Benefits catch part of the loss

0.9of 100

People who go without one of these jobs do not lose all of the income: unemployment insurance, nutrition assistance and other programmes replace a part of it. About 15 percent of the lost earnings, 1.7 billion euro a year, flows to households near the bottom from public budgets.

Value 5 · Household budgetsImpact 0.4Plausibility 5

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The stream is money reaching households from public programmes, priced at the middle of the scale like all money. It is the receiving end of a transfer, and the paying end — public budgets — is booked as its own argument, so that the benefit is neither left out nor counted as if nobody paid for it. The weight differs because of where the money lands: the people who go without these jobs sit at the very bottom of the distribution, where a euro counts for more than in a public budget. Nothing is counted here for the output of the job, which is its own argument. The value is the middle of the scale, and what matters is where the money lands.

Unemployment insurance replaces around half of prior earnings for those who qualify, but many of the workers concerned are young or have short work histories and do not; nutrition assistance and tax credits respond to lower earnings for more of them. Taken together, 15 percent of the 11.2 billion euro in lost earnings is replaced, in a range from 5 to 30 percent: 1.68 billion euro a year ^[11]. The households receiving it sit at the very bottom of the distribution, so a euro there carries a weight of 2.2. That is 3.7 billion euro a year, 0.37 points on the card. The same 1.68 billion euro stands against it as a cost to public budgets at the weight of 1.0. The Impact is small: a sixth of a lost income, moved from public budgets to the people who lose the job.

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11.2 billion euro a year

Earnings lost in jobs that do not exist

[11]

× 15 % Setting, range 5 to 30 percent: unemployment insurance for those who qualify, nutrition assistance and tax credits for more; shared with con-5

1.68 billion euro a year

Share replaced by benefits

× 2.2 the very bottom of the affected group, as used for these households before v3

3.7 billion euro a year

Weight of a euro at these incomes

÷ 10 billion euro a point scale of this evaluation

0.37

Normalised Impact

Score 0.37 Impact × 5 Value × 5 Plausibility ÷ 10 = 0.9 of 100

The payments follow from the statutes once a job is lost and a claim is made, so the transfer shares the plausibility of the job loss itself. The counterfactual is employment under state floors alone ^[11]. The design is the budget office's projection from published elasticities, which the field contests. The confounder is take-up: benefits that are not claimed are not paid, which is carried in the 5 to 30 percent band. Reverse causation does not arise. Read back: in about five of ten comparable cases jobs, and with them these payments, change on this scale. The Plausibility is at the middle: it is exactly as certain as the job loss that triggers it.

evidence basis: Projection · P ceiling 5 identification: Mechanistic · rung ceiling 6 band: Chain closed, unevidenced · P 4–5

Counterfactual: employment under state floors alone [11]. Design: mechanistic — benefit rules are statutory, the number of jobs lost is a contested projection. Confounder: take-up and eligibility, carried in the replacement band. Direction: no reverse causation. Held at 5.0, level with its paying leg con-5 and with con-3.

Chain closed (job loss → claim → payment); the quantity-carrying link is the job estimate and the replacement share, the first contested, the second set. Read back: in about five of ten comparable cases payments of this order follow.

Open: A settled estimate of the employment effect and administrative take-up data for affected workers would move P.

Hours that come back

0.8of 100

A job that does not exist also takes no hours. The 700,000 people who go without one of these jobs keep about 1,200 hours a year each, which is worth something even when it is not chosen. It is a small offset to the work and earnings they lose.

Value 9 · Life timeImpact 0.2Plausibility 5

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The stream is time: hours a person has for family, rest, study or looking for other work instead of spending them in a job. This site prices lived time a step below life and health, because it is the one thing nobody can buy back. It is counted separately from the earnings and output the job would have brought, so that the loss of the job is not netted against the hours inside a single number. It is not weighted by income: an hour counts the same whoever has it. Nothing is added for the value of looking for work, which is part of the same hours. The value is high: the stream is lived time, priced at the rate this site uses for hours a person has to themselves.

The budget office puts employment about 700,000 lower on average once a 17-dollar floor is in place ^[11]. Those jobs would have taken something like 1,200 hours a year each, in a range from 1,000 to 1,400. That is 840 million hours a year that stay with the people concerned. They are valued at 2.05 euro an hour, the rate this site uses for free time a person has to themselves rather than time they are forced to spend. That is 1.72 billion euro a year, 0.17 points on the card, in a range from 1.44 to 2.01 billion. Beside it, the work and earnings the same jobs would have brought come to 11.2 billion euro, about six and a half times as much. The Impact is small: hours without a job are worth something, but far less than the job.

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	Jobs that do not exist once the floor is in place [11]	average estimate of the budget office	700,000 jobs
×	Hours those jobs would have taken Setting, range 1,000 to 1,400 hours, the same as in the job argument	about 1,200 hours a year	840 million hours a year
×	Value of free time (range 1.44 to 2.01 billion euro) the rate this site uses for time a person has to themselves	2.05 euro an hour	1.72 billion euro a year
÷	Normalised Impact scale of this evaluation	10 billion euro a point	0.17

Score 0.17 Impact × 9 Value × 5 Plausibility ÷ 10 = 0.8 of 100

The hours follow from the jobs by definition: a job that does not exist takes no time. The counterfactual is employment under state floors alone, as for the job argument this offsets ^[11]. The design is the same as there — the budget office aggregates published elasticities whose designs disagree — and the argument therefore shares its plausibility: if the jobs are not lost, no hours come back either. The confounder is the same choice of comparison group that separates the competing studies. Reverse causation does not arise here beyond what it does for the job estimate. Read back: in about five of ten comparable cases jobs, and with them hours, go on something like this scale. The Plausibility is at the middle: it is exactly as certain as the job loss it comes with.

evidence basis: Projection · P ceiling 5 identification: Mechanistic · rung ceiling 6 band: Chain closed, unevidenced · P 4–5

Counterfactual: employment under state floors alone [11]. Design: mechanistic — the hours follow definitionally from the jobs, whose number is a projection from studies whose designs disagree. Confounder: the choice of comparison group for a raising state, unresolved. Direction: no separate reverse causation. Held at 5.0, level with con-3 in the same entry group.

Chain closed (fewer jobs → hours not worked); the quantity-carrying link is the job estimate itself, which the field contests; same outcome concept as con-3. Read back: in about five of ten comparable cases hours come back on this scale.

Open: A settled estimate of the employment effect of a floor at this bite would move this argument together with con-3.

Fewer people quitting

0.2of 100

Low-wage jobs turn over once or twice a year, and every departure costs the employer a search, an induction and a period of lower output. Higher floors measurably slow that churn, and the saving lands with the same firms that pay the wage.

Value 5 · Company budgetsImpact 0.1Plausibility 6

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The stream is money and hours that firms no longer spend on replacing people: advertising a post, interviewing, inducting, and carrying the lower output of someone new. It is priced at the middle of the scale, like all money, and it sits on the employers' side of the ledger, partly offsetting what they pay out in the first cost argument. Nothing is counted here for what a stable job is worth to the worker, which is a different good and is not measured by any of the sources used. Nothing is counted for the customers of a business with experienced staff either, since that would be the same output measured twice. The saving is real rather than a transfer: the hours spent on hiring are consumed and do not reappear anywhere. The value is the middle of the scale, the level this site uses for money inside a company.

Dube, Lester and Reich find that a ten percent minimum wage increase reduces the separation rate of affected workers by about two percent, using pairs of counties on either side of a state line ^[7]. The 22.2 million affected workers separate from their jobs at something like 60 percent a year, which is 13.3 million separations. The average increase for affected workers is about 2.29 dollars an hour on a base near 12.50, an increase of 18 percent, giving a 3.8 percent fall in separations, or roughly 506,000 fewer a year. Replacing a worker in an hourly job costs on the order of 1,500 dollars once advertising, interviewing, induction and lower early output are included, in a range from 800 to 5,000. That is 759 million dollars, or 650 million euro at 1.16 to the euro. Company money carries the standard weight of 1.0. The Impact is the smallest on this side, which is the honest size of a saving that offsets a fiftieth of what the same firms pay out.

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	Separations a year among affected workers [1]	22.2 million workers at about 60 percent a year	13.3 million separations
×	Fall in the separation rate about two percent per ten percent of wage increase, applied to the 18 percent average increase for affected workers [7]	3.8 %	506,000 separations a year
×	Cost of replacing one hourly worker Setting, range 800 to 5,000 dollars: advertising, interviewing, induction and lower output in the first weeks	1,500 dollars	759 million dollars a year
÷	In euro, at the standard weight for company money exchange rate used throughout this evaluation	1.16 dollars to the euro, weight 1.0	654 million euro a year
÷	Normalised Impact scale of this evaluation	10 billion euro a point	0.07

Score 0.07 Impact × 5 Value × 6 Plausibility ÷ 10 = 0.2 of 100

The counterfactual is the same local labour markets without the state increase, which the border-pair design constructs by comparing adjacent counties that share a labour market but not a state law. That design is quasi-experimental and it is the one that carries this number. The confounder that matters is that a county on the high-wage side of a line may draw workers across it, so that lower separations reflect a bigger applicant pool rather than more satisfied workers; the paper addresses it by showing that hires fall alongside separations, which is what a stickier match looks like and not what a bigger pool looks like. Reverse causation does not arise, since a county cannot legislate its neighbour's wage. What is not measured is the replacement cost, which is a commercial estimate rather than a finding, and it is the wider of the two uncertainties here. The Plausibility is at the middle: the reduction in churn is measured on the right kind of design, and the price put on each avoided departure is not. Read back: in about six of ten comparable cases churn falls far enough to save something of this order.

evidence basis: Study · P ceiling 7 identification: Quasi-experimental · rung ceiling 8

Counterfactual: adjacent counties across a state line that share a labour market but not a minimum wage. Design: quasi-experimental — contiguous border-county pairs (Dube, Lester and Reich) [7]. Confounder: commuting across the line producing a larger applicant pool rather than stickier matches; addressed by the finding that hires fall alongside separations. Direction: no reverse causation, a county cannot legislate its neighbour's wage. Ceiling: set at 7.0 for the unmeasured replacement cost, which is a commercial estimate rather than a finding.

Arguments — Against

5 arguments · top 3 shown

Customers pay most of it

14of 100

The best evidence on who bears a large minimum wage increase says roughly three quarters of it comes back in prices. The goods concerned are restaurant meals, retail and care, which households buy across the income range.

Value 5 · Household budgetsImpact 3.9Plausibility 7

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The stream is money leaving households in higher prices, priced at the middle of the scale exactly as the wage gain is. This is the other end of the transfer: without it the wage argument above would count a gift rather than a redistribution, and the whole point of the ledger is that both ends appear. The weight differs, not the value class — a euro spent on a restaurant meal or a haircut comes from across the income distribution and slightly below the middle of it, because the goods most exposed to minimum wage costs are ones that lower-income households buy more of in proportion to their means. Nothing is counted here for the inconvenience of paying more, which is the money itself under another name. Nothing is counted for consumers who stop buying, which would be a further loss and is not estimated. The value is the middle of the scale, and this argument exists so that the wage rise above is not booked as if nobody paid for it.

Harasztosi and Lindner studied a Hungarian minimum wage increase of roughly 60 percent, the only episode of comparable size with firm-level data on both sides, and found that about three quarters of the cost was passed to consumers in prices while about a quarter came out of profits ^[5]. Applied to the 47.8 billion euro wage bill, that is 35.8 billion euro a year in higher prices. Households buying the affected goods — prepared food, retail, personal services, home care — sit across the income distribution but weighted a little below the middle, giving a weight of 1.1, in a range from 0.9 to 1.4. That is 39.4 billion euro a year. The result depends on the split rather than on the total: at a pass-through of half rather than three quarters, this argument falls by a third and the profit argument rises. What is not counted here is that some customers respond by buying less, which lowers the wage bill in the first place and is already inside the hours correction above. The Impact is the second largest in this debate and it is the same sum as the first, differing only in whose hands it is measured in.

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	Wage bill employers have to find [1]	from the first argument	47.8 billion euro a year
×	Share passed on in prices measured on a Hungarian increase of comparable size, the only episode with firm-level data on prices, employment and profits at once [5]	75 %	35.84 billion euro a year
×	Weight of a euro for the households buying these goods Setting, range 0.9 to 1.4: prepared food, retail, personal services and home care are bought across the income range and weigh a little more below the middle of it	1.1	39.43 billion euro a year
÷	Normalised Impact scale of this evaluation	10 billion euro a point	3.94

Score 3.94 Impact × 5 Value × 7 Plausibility ÷ 10 = 14 of 100

The counterfactual is the same firms without the increase, which the Hungarian study constructs by comparing firms with different shares of workers below the new floor. The design is quasi-experimental, it uses administrative firm-level data on prices, employment and profits at once, and it is the only study of an increase on this scale that observes all three — which is precisely why it is used here rather than an American study of a smaller step. The confounder that matters is sectoral: firms with many low-wage workers are concentrated in tradable and non-tradable sectors with different ability to raise prices, and a shift in the sector mix could produce the same measured pass-through without the mechanism; the paper addresses it by splitting the sample along exactly that line and finding the pass-through in the non-tradable sector where it should be. Reverse causation does not arise, since firms did not set the Hungarian minimum wage. The transfer to the United States is the real weakness — different market structure, different concentration, different labour share — and it is taken as a discount below the ceiling rather than a band. The Plausibility is well above the middle: the pass-through is measured directly on a comparable step, in a different country. Read back: in about seven of ten comparable cases most of the cost reaches customers in prices.

evidence basis: Study · P ceiling 7 identification: Quasi-experimental · rung ceiling 8

Counterfactual: the same firms without the increase, constructed from firms' differing exposure to the new floor. Design: quasi-experimental — firm-level administrative data on prices, employment and profits around a 60 percent Hungarian increase (Harasztosi and Lindner) [5]. Confounder: sector mix, since exposed firms differ in their ability to raise prices; addressed by splitting tradable from non-tradable and finding the pass-through where the mechanism predicts. Direction: no reverse causation. Ceiling: quasi-experimental 8.0 less one point for the transfer from Hungary to the United States gives 7.0.

Jobs that do not exist

3.9of 100

The budget office's average estimate is 700,000 fewer jobs once the floor reaches 17 dollars, with a range reaching 1.4 million. The people who lose them are the least skilled workers in the poorest states, which is the same group the measure is meant to help.

Value 7 · Participation & incomeImpact 1.1Plausibility 5

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The stream is the work that is not done and the earnings that go with it: a job that does not exist produces nothing and pays nothing. It is not priced as money moving between people, because no one receives what the worker does not earn; it is output that is simply not there. What makes it weigh more than a sum of money of the same size is who carries it: people near the bottom of the distribution, for whom a job is also the way into work, routine and a place in the labour market. That is priced in the value class, as this site does for jobs gained or lost elsewhere, not by an income weight on top. The hours that come back and the benefits that replace part of the earnings are separate arguments, so that time, transfers and output are not netted inside one number. The value is above the middle of the scale: lost work at the bottom of the distribution, where a job is participation as well as income.

For the 2023 version of this bill, which reached 17 dollars in 2029, the Congressional Budget Office put employment about 700,000 lower on average once the floor was in place, with a median estimate of 500,000 and a range reaching up to 1.4 million ^[11]; the present bill reaches the same 17 dollars a year later. That figure is a count of jobs missing in an average week, already net of people who find other work, so nothing further is taken off for re-employment. The jobs concerned pay near the old floor for something like 1,200 hours a year, in a range from 1,000 to 1,400, about 16,000 euro each. That is 11.2 billion euro of work and earnings a year, 1.1 points on the card, in a range from 9.3 to 13.1 billion. The hours that come back are counted as their own argument, at the value this site puts on free time, and so are the benefits that replace part of the lost earnings and the public budgets that pay them. The Impact is a sixth of the wage gain it accompanies, which is the ordinary proportion when a policy raises the price of the least productive hour.

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	Jobs that do not exist once the floor is in place [11]	average estimate, median 500,000, range up to 1.4 million	700,000 jobs
×	Annual earnings and output of one such job (range 9.3 to 13.1 billion euro) Setting, range 1,000 to 1,400 hours; the budget office's figure is already net of re-employment	about 1,200 hours a year near the old floor, about 16,000 euro	11.2 billion euro a year
÷	Normalised Impact scale of this evaluation	10 billion euro a point	1.12

Score 1.12 Impact × 7 Value × 5 Plausibility ÷ 10 = 3.9 of 100

This is the number the field genuinely disagrees about, and the disagreement is not about the design of any one study but about which studies generalise. The counterfactual is employment as it would be under state floors alone, which the budget office builds from the published elasticities rather than from a design of its own ^[11]. Cengiz and colleagues find essentially no employment effect across 138 American increases; Jardim and colleagues find substantial hours losses in Seattle; Neumark and Shirley's survey of the whole literature finds a majority of negative estimates. The confounder that separates them is which comparison group stands in for a raising state — other states, other counties, or the same state's own wage distribution — and it is not resolved by any of them. Reverse causation is present in the raw correlation, since states raise wages in good times, and is what the competing designs are trying to remove. Because the finding is genuinely contested rather than merely uncertain, the plausibility is held at the middle of the scale whatever the individual designs would allow. The Plausibility is exactly at the middle: that some jobs go is not seriously disputed at this size of step, and how many is the open question of the field. Read back: in about five of ten comparable cases jobs go on something like this scale, which is how the budget office's own range reads — from none at all to twice the central figure.

evidence basis: Projection · P ceiling 5 identification: Mechanistic · rung ceiling 6

Counterfactual: employment under state floors alone, assembled by the budget office from published elasticities rather than from its own design [11]. Design: mechanistic — the projection aggregates studies whose designs disagree; no single identified estimate carries the quantity. Confounder: the choice of comparison group for a raising state, which is what separates the competing designs and is unresolved. Direction: reverse causation is present in the raw correlation, since states legislate in good times, and is exactly what the designs are built to remove. Ceiling: the contested state of the finding caps P at 5.0, below the projection ceiling of 6.0.

Profits absorb the rest

1.7of 100

The quarter that is not passed on in prices comes out of profits. Those profits are held far up the income distribution, which is why this quarter of the same sum weighs a tenth of what the wage gain does.

Value 5 · Company budgetsImpact 0.5Plausibility 7

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The stream is money that firms keep less of, priced at the middle of the scale like the rest of the transfer. It is separated from the price argument because the two land on different people: a price rise is paid by customers across the income range, a profit fall by owners, and American business equity is held overwhelmingly in the top tenth of the wealth distribution. Booking them together at one weight would hide the fact that this quarter of the transfer costs less in welfare terms than the other three quarters. Nothing is counted for firms that close, which is a different consequence and appears in the employment argument. Nothing is counted for reduced investment, which would be double counting: the profit is the investment. The value is the middle of the scale, and what makes this quarter cheap is who holds it, not what it is.

The same Hungarian evidence puts roughly a quarter of the cost on profits ^[5]. A quarter of 47.8 billion euro is 11.95 billion euro a year. Corporate equity in the United States is concentrated: the top ten percent of households hold about 87 percent of it and the top one percent about half. Weighting the loss by where it lands gives 0.4, the weight this site uses for the top tenth, in a range from 0.2 to 0.7 — the lower end if the losses fall on publicly traded firms, the upper end if they fall on small owner-operated businesses whose owners are nearer the middle. That gives 4.78 billion euro a year. The small end of the range matters more than it looks: minimum wage exposure is concentrated in franchised food service and small retail, where the owner is often not in the top tenth at all. The Impact is an eighth of the price argument built on the same money, which is what the weighting is for.

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	Wage bill employers have to find [1]	from the first argument	47.8 billion euro a year
×	Share that comes out of profits the remainder of the pass-through measured on the Hungarian increase [5]	25 %	11.95 billion euro a year
×	Weight of a euro where business equity is held Setting, range 0.2 to 0.7: the top tenth of households holds about 87 percent of corporate equity, but exposed firms are often small and owner-operated	0.4	4.78 billion euro a year
÷	Normalised Impact scale of this evaluation	10 billion euro a point	0.48

Score 0.48 Impact × 5 Value × 7 Plausibility ÷ 10 = 1.7 of 100

The counterfactual and the design are the same as for the price argument, and so is the source: the Hungarian data observe profits directly rather than inferring them ^[5]. The confounder is different, though. Which firms absorb rather than pass on depends on competition, and a market with more concentrated buyers pushes more onto profits than the Hungarian average; American food service is more franchised and more concentrated than the Hungarian sample, which argues for a larger profit share than used here. That is named and unresolved and is why the weight band runs up to 0.7. Reverse causation does not arise. The distribution of who owns the affected firms is a measured fact from the Survey of Consumer Finances rather than an assumption, but the match between that distribution and the specific firms exposed to a minimum wage is not. Who exactly holds the profits is a question of how much this costs rather than of whether the money moves, and it is already carried in the band from 0.2 to 0.7 above; it is not deducted a second time here. The plausibility therefore stands level with the price argument, which rests on the same measurement and on the same sum leaving the same hands. Read back: in about seven of ten comparable cases a quarter of the cost comes out of profits. The Plausibility is well above the middle: the split is measured directly, and where the profits are held is carried in the band rather than here.

evidence basis: Study · P ceiling 7 identification: Quasi-experimental · rung ceiling 8

Counterfactual: the same firms without the increase. Design: quasi-experimental — firm-level administrative data observing profits directly (Harasztosi and Lindner) [5]. Confounder: American exposed sectors are more franchised and more concentrated than the Hungarian sample, which would push more onto profits than assumed; named, unresolved, and carried in the weight band up to 0.7. Direction: no reverse causation. Ceiling: quasi-experimental 8.0 less one point for the context transfer gives 7.0. Held at 7.0, level with con-1 and pro-1, which book the same sum: the ownership question is a size question and sits in the weight band.

What losing the job does

0.7of 100

Losing work damages health beyond the lost income — measurably, and for years. The effect is best documented for long-tenure workers in mass layoffs, which is not this group, so the figure used here is a small fraction of theirs.

Value 9.5 · Life and healthImpact 0.1Plausibility 5

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The stream is health: the raised mortality, the drinking, the depression and the strain on a household that follow being put out of work. It is placed just below the top, in the class this site uses for life and health, because part of what is measured is death and most of it is illness that can be recovered from. It is separate from the earnings loss above in the way that the money and the harm of being defrauded are separate, and the test is the same — a household that chooses to stop working does not experience this. Nothing is counted for the family members around the person, and nothing for the wider community effects that the displacement literature also reports. What is priced is the displaced worker's own condition. The value sits just below the maximum: the stream is health, and health that most people recover.

Sullivan and von Wachter, using administrative earnings and death records, find that workers displaced in mass layoffs face a mortality hazard 50 to 100 percent higher in the year after and 10 to 15 percent higher two decades later, amounting to one to one and a half years of life expectancy each ^[8]. That population is not this one. Their workers had long tenure, firm-specific skills and no ready alternative; a worker who does not get a minimum wage job in 2030 is mostly young, mostly short-tenure, and mostly employed again within months. The budget office's figure counts jobs missing in an average week, not people laid off each year, so the harm is priced per year without the job rather than per displacement: 0.05 quality-adjusted years for each such year, in a range from 0.02 to 0.12 — about two and a half weeks of healthy life a year, far below the one to one and a half years a displaced long-tenure worker loses over a lifetime. Across the 700,000 jobs missing in a given year that is 35,000 quality-adjusted years a year, or 1.4 billion euro ^[11]. The band runs further up than down on purpose: if the jobs lost are concentrated among older workers in the poorest states rather than among teenagers, the upper end applies. How far this group stands from the one that has actually been studied is not in the band at all — that distance is what holds the Plausibility at the middle of the scale. The Impact is a tenth of the earnings loss it accompanies, and the ratio would be much higher if the displaced group looked like the one that has actually been studied.

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	Person-years without one of these jobs, each year [11]	average estimate of the budget office for a 17-dollar floor	700,000 person-years a year
×	Quality-adjusted years lost per year without the job Setting, range 0.02 to 0.12 a year: the lower end if the people concerned are mostly young and move between jobs quickly, the upper end if a larger share are older workers in the poorest states; the distance to the lifetime loss the mass layoff literature measures for displaced long-tenure workers is carried in the Plausibility [8]	0.05	35,000 quality-adjusted years
×	Value of the years the value of a healthy life year used across this site	40,000 euro each	1.4 billion euro a year
÷	Normalised Impact scale of this evaluation	10 billion euro a point	0.14

Score 0.14 Impact × 9.5 Value × 5 Plausibility ÷ 10 = 0.7 of 100

The counterfactual is workers in the same firms and years who were not displaced, which the study constructs from mass layoff events that removed a large share of a firm's workforce at once and therefore did not select on the individual. The design is quasi-experimental and it is among the cleanest in this literature, using linked administrative earnings and death records rather than survey reports. The confounder that matters is that firms shedding a large share of their workforce may be failing for reasons that also affect the health of everyone who worked there, which the event definition limits but does not remove; that is named and unresolved. Reverse causation is handled by the design, since an individual's health does not cause a firm-wide layoff. The weakness here is not the study but the distance between its population and this one, and that distance is what holds the plausibility at the middle of the scale rather than the quantity, which is already cut to a fiftieth. Read back: in about five of ten comparable cases the health harm behind a lost job appears at something like this size. The Plausibility is at the middle: the harm is well established for a group of workers who are not the ones this measure would displace.

evidence basis: Study · P ceiling 6 identification: Quasi-experimental · rung ceiling 8

Counterfactual: workers in the same firms and years who were not displaced. Design: quasi-experimental — mass layoff events in linked administrative earnings and death records (Sullivan and von Wachter) [8]. Confounder: firms shedding a large share of their workforce may be failing for reasons that independently affect worker health; limited by the event definition, unresolved. Direction: reverse causation handled by the design, since individual health does not cause a firm-wide layoff. Ceiling: quasi-experimental 8.0 less two points for the transfer from long-tenure displaced workers to marginal low-wage job seekers gives 6.0.

Public budgets pay the benefits

0.4of 100

The benefits that replace part of the lost earnings are paid from federal and state budgets. About 1.7 billion euro a year leaves public money for the people who go without these jobs.

Value 5 · Public financesImpact 0.2Plausibility 5

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The stream is public money paid out, priced at the middle of the scale like any money and at the standard weight for public budgets. It is the paying end of the benefit transfer in the argument on the other side, so that the replacement of lost earnings is not booked as a gift. Whether the payment is financed by taxes, cuts elsewhere or borrowing is not decided by this bill, and a euro of public money is counted at 1.0 whatever it is later taken from. Nothing is counted for the administration of the extra claims, which is small beside the payments. The value is the middle of the scale, the level this site uses for public money.

Of the 11.2 billion euro in earnings lost in jobs that do not exist, 15 percent is replaced by unemployment insurance, nutrition assistance and tax credits, in a range from 5 to 30 percent ^[11]. That is 1.68 billion euro a year paid from federal and state budgets. Public money carries the standard weight of 1.0. That is 1.68 billion euro, 0.17 points on the card, the same sum that reaches the households at a weight of 2.2. Beside the 11.95 billion euro that public budgets save when wages rise into benefit phase-outs, it is a seventh. The Impact is small: a sliver of the public saving the same bill produces elsewhere.

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11.2 billion euro a year

Earnings lost in jobs that do not exist

[11]

× 15 % Setting, range 5 to 30 percent; shared with pro-6

1.68 billion euro a year

Share replaced by benefits

× 1.0 the standard weight this site uses for public money

1.68 billion euro a year

Weight of a euro in a public budget

÷ 10 billion euro a point scale of this evaluation

0.17

Normalised Impact

Score 0.17 Impact × 5 Value × 5 Plausibility ÷ 10 = 0.4 of 100

The payments follow from the statutes once a job is lost and a claim is made, so this argument shares the plausibility of the job loss and of its receiving leg. The counterfactual is employment under state floors alone ^[11]. The design is the budget office's projection from contested elasticities. The confounder is take-up, carried in the replacement band. Reverse causation does not arise. Read back: in about five of ten comparable cases payments of this order follow. The Plausibility is at the middle: it is exactly as certain as the job loss that triggers it.

evidence basis: Projection · P ceiling 5 identification: Mechanistic · rung ceiling 6 band: Chain closed, unevidenced · P 4–5

Counterfactual: employment under state floors alone [11]. Design: mechanistic — statutory benefits triggered by a contested projection of job losses. Confounder: take-up and eligibility, in the replacement band. Direction: no reverse causation. Held at 5.0, level with pro-6.

Chain closed (job loss → claim → payment); same quantity as pro-6. Read back: in about five of ten comparable cases payments of this order follow.

Open: A settled estimate of the employment effect and administrative take-up data would move P.

Summary

This is the largest measure on the English side of the site and it comes out barely on the positive side of the line. About 22.2 million people would be paid more, an average of 3,200 dollars a year, and the money lands where a dollar does the most work — that is the whole of the case for it, and it is a strong one. Against it stands the same sum, because somebody hands it over: roughly three quarters in higher prices for restaurant meals, retail and care, a quarter out of profits, and on top of that the budget office's 700,000 jobs that do not come into existence. The two sides are close enough that the result should be read as a near-tie rather than a verdict, and the thing that decides it is not a fact about the labour market but a judgement about whether a dollar means more at the bottom than in the middle. The employment estimate is the second hinge: at the top of the budget office's own range, 1.4 million jobs, the ledger tips the other way.

Outlook — effect over time

Better for the future · 0.60 previous scale

Sources

Economic Policy Institute: The impact of the Raise the Wage Act of 2025. epi.org
Congressional Budget Office: The Effects on Employment and Family Income of Increasing the Federal Minimum Wage. cbo.gov
Congress.gov: H.R. 2743, Raise the Wage Act of 2025. congress.gov
Cengiz, Dube, Lindner and Zipperer, Quarterly Journal of Economics: The Effect of Minimum Wages on Low-Wage Jobs. academic.oup.com
Harasztosi and Lindner, American Economic Review: Who Pays for the Minimum Wage?. aeaweb.org
Kaufman, Salas-Hernández, Komro and Livingston, Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health: Effects of increased minimum wages by unemployment rate on suicide in the USA. jech.bmj.com
Dube, Lester and Reich, Journal of Labor Economics: Minimum Wage Shocks, Employment Flows and Labor Market Frictions. journals.uchicago.edu
Sullivan and von Wachter, Quarterly Journal of Economics: Job Displacement and Mortality: An Analysis Using Administrative Data. academic.oup.com
Bureau of Labor Statistics: Characteristics of minimum wage workers. bls.gov
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: Suicide data and statistics. cdc.gov
Congressional Budget Office: The Budgetary and Economic Effects of S. 2488, the Raise the Wage Act of 2023 (December 2023). cbo.gov

Last reviewed by Claude Opus 5 · September 14, 2026 · 3× AI, not yet reviewed by a human

September 14, 2026AI reviewClaude Opus 5re-scored
Gesamtprüfung 08.09.: 700.000 Jobs aus CBO 2023 (17 $) statt CBO 2019, gleiches P 7 für alle Beine der Lohnsumme, Suizid 21,7 % statt 12 % plus Angehörige (i 1,58 → 3,14), Jobverlust als Bestand mit Zeit (pro-5) und Leistungspaar (pro-6/con-5); r 0,596 → 0,599.
September 6, 2026AI reviewClaude Opus 5re-scored
v2: Lohnbetrag als Paar verdrahtet (pro-1 ⇄ con-1 und pro-1 ⇄ con-2, jedes Bein mit dem Gewicht seiner eigenen Seite), dafuer P angeglichen (pro-1 7,5 → 7,0, con-2 6,5 → 7,0 — con-2 doppelte den Eigentuemer-Zweifel, der schon in der Gewichtsspanne steckt). i_spanne und normalisierung an allen 8, zwei Eintrittsgruppen, massstab_hinweis ohne r. Kategorie bleibt Besser (P(D>0) 0,83).
September 6, 2026AI reviewClaude Opus 5First evaluation
First evaluation: wage bill, pass-through split and employment effect derived from the budget office and the published minimum wage literature.

Evaluations are produced with AI support and reviewed on a schedule for new developments; human passes are marked separately.How we review →